{"id":4626,"date":"2026-08-12T15:44:37","date_gmt":"2026-08-12T13:44:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ellistat.com\/?post_type=guide-dutilisateur&#038;p=4626"},"modified":"2026-08-12T15:44:37","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T13:44:37","slug":"detail","status":"publish","type":"guide-dutilisateur","link":"https:\/\/ellistat.com\/de\/guide-dutilisateur\/detail\/","title":{"rendered":"Detail"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Le tableau des caract\u00e9ristiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En haut de l&rsquo;\u00e9cran, un tableau r\u00e9unit ce qui d\u00e9finit chaque caract\u00e9ristique. Les colonnes principales :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>nom\u00a0<\/strong>: l&rsquo;identit\u00e9 de la variable ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sigma<\/strong>\u00a0und\u00a0<strong>kurzfristig<\/strong>\u00a0: les deux dispersions ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>distribution<\/strong>\u00a0und\u00a0<strong>ad\u00e9quation loi<\/strong>\u00a0: la loi ajust\u00e9e et la qualit\u00e9 de cet ajustement ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>tol\u00e9rance min \/ max<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>LCI<\/strong>\u00a0und\u00a0<strong>LCS<\/strong>\u00a0: les limites de sp\u00e9cification et de contr\u00f4le ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>cible<\/strong>\u00a0und\u00a0<strong>nominal<\/strong>\u00a0: la valeur vis\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udca1&nbsp;La colonne&nbsp;<strong>Ad\u00e9quation loi<\/strong>&nbsp;est la premi\u00e8re \u00e0 regarder. Tous les indicateurs de capabilit\u00e9 supposent une loi ; si l&rsquo;ajustement est mauvais, les Cp et Cpk affich\u00e9s n&rsquo;ont pas de sens et il faut changer de loi ou transformer les donn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/ellistat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/detail.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4627\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ellistat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/detail.png 644w, https:\/\/ellistat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/detail-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/ellistat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/detail-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 644px) 100vw, 644px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Les graphiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Histogramm<\/strong>\u00a0: la forme de la distribution, avec la loi ajust\u00e9e superpos\u00e9e et les tol\u00e9rances. On y voit d&rsquo;un coup d&rsquo;\u0153il un d\u00e9centrage, une dispersion excessive, une bimodalit\u00e9 signe fr\u00e9quent d&rsquo;un m\u00e9lange de deux populations, deux machines ou deux lots de mati\u00e8re.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Droite de Henry<\/strong>\u00a0: les points s&rsquo;alignent si la loi convient. C&rsquo;est un test visuel plus sensible que l&rsquo;histogramme, surtout dans les queues de distribution, l\u00e0 pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment o\u00f9 se jouent les non-conformit\u00e9s.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kontrollkarte<\/strong>\u00a0: la chronologie. Elle r\u00e9pond \u00e0 une question que l&rsquo;histogramme ignore : le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 est-il\u00a0<strong>stable<\/strong>\u00a0?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u00c9tendue<\/strong>\u00a0: la dispersion \u00e0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur de chaque \u00e9chantillon, au fil du temps.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>EWMA<\/strong>\u00a0: une moyenne mobile pond\u00e9r\u00e9e, plus r\u00e9active aux petites d\u00e9rives durables qu&rsquo;une carte classique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u26a0\ufe0f Histogramme et carte de contr\u00f4le ne sont pas interchangeables. Un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 qui d\u00e9rive lentement peut donner un histogramme tr\u00e8s acceptable : les mesures du d\u00e9but et de la fin se m\u00e9langent et l&rsquo;ensemble para\u00eet large mais centr\u00e9. Seule la carte r\u00e9v\u00e8le la d\u00e9rive.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Centr\u00e9 moyenne ou centr\u00e9 cible<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les graphiques se lisent selon deux r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiels, au choix :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u00a0<strong>Centr\u00e9 moyenne<\/strong>\u00a0: les limites se construisent autour de la moyenne observ\u00e9e. On juge la\u00a0<strong>stabilit\u00e9<\/strong>\u00a0: le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 reste-t-il fid\u00e8le \u00e0 lui-m\u00eame ?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Centr\u00e9 cible<\/strong>\u00a0: les limites se construisent autour de la valeur vis\u00e9e. On juge la\u00a0<strong>conformit\u00e9<\/strong>\u00a0: le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 produit-il ce qui est demand\u00e9 ?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udca1&nbsp;Un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 peut \u00eatre parfaitement stable et syst\u00e9matiquement d\u00e9cal\u00e9 de la cible. En centr\u00e9 moyenne il para\u00eet sous contr\u00f4le, en centr\u00e9 cible le d\u00e9calage appara\u00eet. Regarder les deux.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Les r\u00e8gles d\u00e9tection<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Au-del\u00e0 du simple d\u00e9passement de limite, <a href=\"https:\/\/ellistat.com\/de\/solutions-data-analysis\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"905\">Ellistat Data Analysis<\/a> signale des configurations improbables sous l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se d&rsquo;un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 stable :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>R\u00e8gle<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Ce qu&rsquo;elle d\u00e9tecte<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Tendance<\/strong><\/td><td>Une suite de points qui montent ou descendent : usure d&rsquo;outil, d\u00e9rive thermique.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>M\u00eame c\u00f4t\u00e9<\/strong><\/td><td>Une s\u00e9rie de points du m\u00eame c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la moyenne : le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 a chang\u00e9 de niveau.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Proche des limites<\/strong><\/td><td>Des points mass\u00e9s pr\u00e8s des limites : dispersion sous-estim\u00e9e ou m\u00e9lange de populations.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Mouvement alternatif<\/strong><\/td><td>Une alternance syst\u00e9matique : souvent deux sources en alternance, deux montages, deux op\u00e9rateurs.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le rep\u00e8re&nbsp;<strong>Alerte<\/strong>&nbsp;mat\u00e9rialise les points concern\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udca1&nbsp;Ces r\u00e8gles augmentent la sensibilit\u00e9 aux petites d\u00e9rives, mais chacune ajoute un risque de fausse alarme. Sur un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 d\u00e9j\u00e0 ma\u00eetris\u00e9, en activer beaucoup fait crier la carte pour rien.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Les capabilit\u00e9s<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quatre indicateurs, deux distinctions \u00e0 conna\u00eetre :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cp et Cpk<\/strong>\u00a0utilisent la dispersion\u00a0<strong>kurzfristig<\/strong>\u00a0: la performance dont le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 est capable s&rsquo;il reste stable.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pp et Ppk<\/strong>\u00a0utilisent la dispersion\u00a0<strong>globale<\/strong>\u00a0: la performance r\u00e9ellement d\u00e9livr\u00e9e, d\u00e9rives incluses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cp et Pp<\/strong>\u00a0ignorent le centrage ;\u00a0<strong>Cpk et Ppk<\/strong>\u00a0en tiennent compte.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le rapprochement des quatre est plus parlant que chacun isol\u00e9ment :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Constat<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Dolmetschen<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Cp \u00e9lev\u00e9, Cpk faible<\/td><td>Proc\u00e9d\u00e9 assez pr\u00e9cis mais&nbsp;<strong>d\u00e9centr\u00e9<\/strong>.&nbsp;Se corrige par r\u00e9glage.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cp \u2248 Cpk, tous deux faibles<\/td><td>Proc\u00e9d\u00e9&nbsp;<strong>zu zerstreut<\/strong>. Demande une action technique de fond.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cp \u00e9lev\u00e9, Pp faible<\/td><td>Proc\u00e9d\u00e9 capable mais&nbsp;<strong>instable<\/strong>&nbsp;: il d\u00e9rive. Chercher la cause dans le temps.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cp \u2248 Pp<\/td><td>Proc\u00e9d\u00e9 stable ; le court terme refl\u00e8te le long terme.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udca1&nbsp;Le cas \u00ab Cp \u00e9lev\u00e9, Pp faible \u00bb est le plus fr\u00e9quent et le plus mal interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 : rien ne cloche techniquement, c&rsquo;est la conduite du proc\u00e9d\u00e9 qui laisse filer. Une carte de contr\u00f4le bien tenue le r\u00e8gle sans investissement.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. L&rsquo;analyse de distribution<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Une analyse de distribution tr\u00e8s compl\u00e8te est fournie avec test d\u2019ad\u00e9quation, param\u00e8tres skewness, Kurtosis, Entropie, d\u00e9tection de valeurs aberrantes\u2026.\u00a0\u00a0On peut choisir la distribution, le bouton Ad\u00e9quation de la loi donne le r\u00e9sum\u00e9 des tests d\u2019ad\u00e9quation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"964\" height=\"340\" src=\"https:\/\/ellistat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/statdescr.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ellistat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/statdescr.png 964w, https:\/\/ellistat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/statdescr-300x106.png 300w, https:\/\/ellistat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/statdescr-768x271.png 768w, https:\/\/ellistat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/statdescr-18x6.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 964px) 100vw, 964px\" \/><\/figure>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"menu_order":30,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":true},"menu-guide-dutilisateur":[22],"class_list":["post-4626","guide-dutilisateur","type-guide-dutilisateur","status-publish","hentry","menu-guide-dutilisateur-4-statistiques-descriptives"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - 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